El arraigo local en proyectos energéticos comunitarios. Una perspectiva de emprendimiento social
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2017.75.4.17.03Palabras clave:
Cooperativas de energía, Emprendimiento social, Empresas de servicios públicos, Energía comunitaria, Energia renovable, Movimientos socialesResumen
Recientemente, han surgido un número creciente de proyectos energéticos comunitarios, que reflejan diversas configuraciones socio-técnicas en el sector energético. Este artículo se basa en un estudio empírico que examina diferentes tipos de proyectos energéticos comunitarios como las cooperativas energéticas, las empresas de servicios públicos y otras iniciativas de orientación empresarial en toda la Unión Europea. Basado en un análisis en profundidad de tres estudios de caso, el artículo tiene como objetivo introducir una perspectiva de emprendimiento social cuando se discute la relación entre el arraigamiento local y los diferentes tipos de organización y propiedad en la energía comunitaria. Los resultados indican que los proyectos energéticos comunitarios pueden expandirse más allá de la escala local sin perder su forma colectiva y democrática de funcionamiento y propiedad. Además, los movimientos sociales pueden actuar como catalizadores de esta expansión más allá de lo local, en busca de una transformación social más amplia. El emprendimiento social puede proporcionar una lente analítica adecuada para evitar la “trampa local” al examinar diferentes formas de organización y propiedad en el sector de la energía renovable, mientras nos permite ahondar aún más en la cuestión de la expansión territorial de estos proyectos.
Descargas
Citas
Alter, K. 2007. "Social enterprise typology". Virtue Ventures LLC, 12: 1-124.
Alvord, S.H., L.D. Brown, and C. W. Letts. 2004. "Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 40(3): 260–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886304266847
Austin, J., H. Stevenson, and J. Wei-Skillern. 2006. "Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both?". Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x
Bauwens, T., B. Gotchev, and L. Holstenkamp. 2016. "What drives the development of community energy in Europe? The case of wind power cooperatives." Energy Research & Social Science, 13: 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.016
Becker, S., C. Kunze, and M. Vancea. 2017. "Community energy and social entrepreneurship: addressing issues of purpose, ownership and embeddedness of renewable energy projects." Journal of Cleaner Production, 147: 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.048
Becker, S., and C. Kunze. 2014. "Transcending community energy: collective and politically motivated projects in renewable energy (CPE) across Europe." People, Place and Policy, 8(3): 180–191. https://doi.org/10.3351/ppp.0008.0003.0004
Blanchet, T. 2015. "Struggle over energy transition in Berlin: how do grassroots initiatives affect local energy policy-making?" Energy Policy, 78: 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.001
Bradshaw, T. K. 2008. "The post-place community: Contributions to the debate about the definition of community." Community Development, 39(1): 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330809489738
Burger, C., and J. Weinmann. 2012. The Decentralized Energy Revolution. Business Strategies for a New Paradigm. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan
Creswell, J. 1998. Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. PMid:9566771
Chowdhury, I., and F. Santos. 2010. "Scaling social innovations: the case of Gram Vikas." Pp. 147-166 in Scaling Social Impact. New Thinking, edited by P. Bloom and E. Skloot. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230113565_9
Crisan, C. M., and A. Borza. 2012. "Social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibilities." International Business Research, 5(2): 106-113. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v5n2p106
Davis, G.F., and D. McAdam. 2000. "Corporations, classes, and social movements after managerialism." Research in Organizational Behavior, 22: 193–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22006-6
Devine-Wright, P. 2007. "Energy citizenship: psychological aspects of evolution in sustainable energy technologies. Governing technology for sustainability." Pp. 63-86 in Governing Technology for Sustainability, edited by J. Murphy. London: Earthscan.
Felício, J. A., H. M. Gonçalves, and V. da Conceição Gonçalves. 2013. "Social value and organizational performance in non-profit social organizations: Social entrepreneurship, leadership, and socioeconomic context effects." Journal of Business Research, 66(10): 2139- 2146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.040
Fleiß, E., S. Hatzl, S. Seebauer, and A. Posch. 2017. "Money, not morale: The impact of desires and beliefs on private investment in photovoltaic citizen participation initiatives." Journal of Cleaner Production, 141: 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.123
Fuchs, G., and N. Hinderer. 2016. "Towards a low carbon future: a phenomenology of local electricity experiments in Germany." Journal of Cleaner Production, 128: 97- 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.078
Geels, F. W., and J. Schot. 2007. "Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways." Research policy, 36(3): 399-417. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003
Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Granovetter, M. 1985. "Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness." American journal of sociology, 91(3): 481-510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311
Holm, P. 1995. "The dynamics of institutionalization: transformation processes in Norwegian fisheries." Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3): 398–422. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393791
Holstenkamp, L., and F. Kahla. 2016. "What are community energy companies trying to accomplish? An empirical investigation of investment motives in the German case." Energy Policy, 97: 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.07.010
Jolly, S., and R. P. J. M. Raven. 2015. "Collective institutional entrepreneurship and contestations in wind energy in India." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42: 999-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.039
Johanisova, N., T. Crabtree, and E. Fra?ková. 2013. "Social enterprises and non-market capitals: a path to degrowth?" Journal of Cleaner Production, 38: 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.004
Islar, M., and H. Busch. 2016. "We are not in this to save the polar bears!"–the link between community renewable energy development and ecological citizenship". Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 29(3): 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2016.1188684
Kunze, C., and S. Becker. 2015. "Collective ownership in renewable energy and opportunities for sustainable degrowth." Sustainability Science, 10(3): 425-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0301-0
Kunze, C., and S. Becker. 2014. Energy democracy in Europe. A Survey and Outlook. Brussels: Rosa-Luxemburg-Foundation. https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/ sonst_publikationen/Energy-democracy-in-Europe.pdf
Lautermann, C. 2013. "The ambiguities of (social) value creation: towards an extended understanding of entrepreneurial value creation for society." Social Enterprise Journal, 9(2): 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-01-2013-0009
Mair, J., and I. Martí. 2009. "Entrepreneurship in and around institutional voids: A case study from Bangladesh." Journal of business venturing, 24(5): 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.006
Mair, J., and I. Martí. 2006. "Social entrepreneurship research: a source of explanation, prediction, and delight." Journal of World Business, 41(1): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
Martin, R., and S. Osberg. 2015. Getting Beyond Better: How Social Entrepreneurship Works. Harvard Business Review Press.
Miles, M.B., and A. M. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative data analysis. An expanded source book. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Morris, C., and A. Jungjohann. 2016. "Will the Energiewende Succeed?" Pp. 379-412 in Energy Democracy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morris, M. H., J. W. Webb, and R. J. Franklin. 2011. "Understanding the manifestation of entrepreneurial orientation in the nonprofit context." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5): 947-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00453.x
Moss, T., S. Becker, and M. Naumann. 2015. "Whose energy transition is it, anyway? Organisation and ownership of the Energiewende in villages, cities and regions." Local Environment, 20 (12): 1547–1563. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.915799
Nicholls, A. (Ed.) 2008. Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change. Oxford: OUP.
Nicholls, A. 2009. "'We do good things, don't we?':'Blended Value Accounting' in social entrepreneurship." Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(6): 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2009.04.008
Nohl, A.-M. 2010. "Narrative interview and documentary interpretation." Pp. 195-217 in Qualitative Analysis and Documentary Method in International Education Research, edited by R. Bohnsack, N. Pfaff, and W. Weller, Opladen: B. Budrich.
Parrish, R. 2002. "The changing nature of community.", Strategies: Journal of Theory, Culture & Politics, 15(2): 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040213022000013939
Purcell, M. 2006. "Urban democracy and the local trap." Urban Studies, 43(11): 1921–1941. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600897826
Rao, H., C. Morrill, and M. N. Zald. 2000. "Power plays: how social movements and collective action create new organizational forms." Research in Organizational Behaviour, 22: 239–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22007-8
Rahdari, A., S. Sepasi, and M. Moradi. 2016. "Achieving sustainability through Schumpeterian social entrepreneurship: The role of social enterprises." Journal of Cleaner Production, 137: 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.159
Rogers, J. C., E. A. Simmons, I. Convery,and A. Weatherall. 2012. "Social impacts of community renewable energy projects: findings from a woodfuel case study." Energy Policy, 42: 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.081
Santos, F. M. 2012. "A positive theory of social entrepreneurship." Journal of business ethics, 111(3): 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1413-4
Scheer, H. 2012. The Energy Imperative. 100 per cent Renewable Now. London: EarthScan.
Seyfang, G., S. Hielscher, T. Hargreaves, M. Martiskainen, and A. Smith. 2014. "A grassroots sustainable energy niche?: reflections on community energy in the UK." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 13: 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2014.04.004
Seyfang, G., J. J. Park, and A. Smith. 2013. "A thousand flowers blooming?: an examination of community energy in the UK." Energy Policy, 61: 977–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.030
Seyfang, G., and A. Haxeltine. 2012. "Growing grassroots innovations: exploring the role of community-based initiatives in governing sustainable energy transitions." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30: 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1068/c10222
Seyfang, G., and A. Smith. 2007. "Grassroots innovations for sustainable development: towards a new research and policy agenda." Environmental Politics, 16(4): 584– 603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010701419121
Shane, S., and S. Venkataraman. (2000). "The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research." Academy of management review, 25(1): 217-226. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.2791611
Sharzer, G. 2012. No Local. Why Small-Scale Alternatives Won't Change the World. New York: Zero Books.
Shove, E. 2014. "Putting practice into policy: reconfiguring questions of consumption and climate change." Contemporary Social Science, 9(4): 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2012.692484
Smith, A., T. Hargreaves, S. Hielscher, M. Martiskainen, and G. Seyfang. 2016. "Making the most of community energies: three perspectives on grassroots innovation. " Environment and Planning A, 48 (2): 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15597908
Smith, A., M. Fressoli, and H. Thomas. 2014. "Grassroots innovation movements: challenges and contributions." Journal of Cleaner Production, 63: 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.025
Smith, A., and R. Raven. 2012. "What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability." Research policy, 41(6): 1025-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012
Smith, B. R., and C. E. Stevens. 2010. "Different types of social entrepreneurship: The role of geography and embeddedness on the measurement and scaling of social value." Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 22(6): 575-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2010.488405
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
van Veelen, B. 2016. "Making Sense of the Scottish Community Energy Sector – An Organising Typology." Scottish Geographical Journal, 133(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2016.1210820
Walker, G. 2011. "The role for 'community' in carbon governance." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(5): 777-782. http://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.137 https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.137
Walker, G., and P. Devine-Wright. 2008. "Community renewable energy: what should it mean?" Energy Policy, 36(2): 497–500. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.019
Walker, G., S. Hunter, P. Devine-Wright, B. Evans, and H. Fay. 2007. "Harnessing community energies: explaining and evaluating community-based localism in renewable energy policy in the UK." Global Environmental Politics, 7(2): 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.2.64
Wainstein, M. E., and A. G. Bumpus. 2016. "Business models as drivers of the low carbon power system transition: a multi-level perspective." Journal of Cleaner Production, 126: 572-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.095
Walk, H., and C. Schröder. 2014. "Opportunities and Limits of Cooperatives in Times of Socio-Ecological Transformation". Pp. 301-314 in Modernizing Democracy, edited by M. Freise, and T. Hallmann. New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0485-3_24
Yin, R.K. 2003. Case Study Research. Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman. 2009. "A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges." Journal of business venturing, 24(5): 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2017 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
© CSIC. Los originales publicados en las ediciones impresa y electrónica de esta Revista son propiedad del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, siendo necesario citar la procedencia en cualquier reproducción parcial o total.
Salvo indicación contraria, todos los contenidos de la edición electrónica se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución “Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional ” (CC BY 4.0). Consulte la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
No se autoriza el depósito en repositorios, páginas web personales o similares de cualquier otra versión distinta a la publicada por el editor.
