Meritocracia y desigualdad económica: Percepciones, preferencias e implicancias

Juan C. Castillo; Alex Torres; Jorge Atria; Luis Maldonado

doi:10.3989/ris.2019.77.1.17.114

Autores/as

Juan C. Castillo Universidad de Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-7854
Alex Torres Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-9453
Jorge Atria Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7145-3048
Luis Maldonado Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-4766

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2019.77.1.17.114

Palabras clave:

Desigualdad económica, Estatus social, Justicia distributiva, Meritocracia, Percepción de desigualdad

Resumen

La idea de meritocracia está relacionada con la distribución de bienes y beneficios basada en el talento y esfuerzo individual, constituyendo un principio que legitima la distribución desigual de los recursos en sociedades modernas. Pese a las constantes referencias a la meritocracia en la investigación de desigualdad y estratificación social en sociología, existen pocos intentos conceptuales y empíricos que busquen entender hasta qué punto los individuos perciben y prefieren la meritocracia, así como también sus consecuencias. La presente investigación propone un marco conceptual y empírico para el estudio de las percepciones y preferencias meritocráticas que, posteriormente, es relacionado con una serie de variables relativas a la desigualdad social. Utilizando datos de la encuesta chilena “Justicia social y participación ciudadana” (N= 1.245), los resultados del análisis sugieren que las preferencias y percepciones de la meritocracia son constructos distintos y que quienes perciben un adecuado funcionamiento de la meritocracia también perciben menos desigualdad social.

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