El problema de la emergencia de normas sociales en la acción colectiva. Una aproximación analítica

Francisco Linares Martínez

doi:10.3989/ris.2007.i46.7

Authors

Francisco Linares Martínez Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2007.i46.7

Keywords:

Social Dilemas, Production Function, Social Incentives, Critical Mass

Abstract

This article faces the theoretical problem of explaining the emergence of social norms in collective action. The problem itself can be divided into several questions which specialized scholarship has not dealt with in enough detail. These questions are argued in the sections of this paper. These are: Which conditions generate a demand for social norms? What type of norm will be used to meet the demand? Which incentives will be used to implement the norm? Under what conditions is it granted that the norm will be actually realized? The article ends with several conclusions which should be empirically investigated, and thus improving the theory.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Axelrod, R. (1986a), La Evolución de la Cooperación, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.

Axelrod, R. (1986b), “An evolutionary approach to norms”, American Political Science Review, vol. 80, pp. 1095- 1111. doi:10.2307/1960858

Coleman, J. S. (1991), Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.

Chong, D. (1990), Collective Action and the Civil Rights movement, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Dixon, M. y V. J. Rosigno (2003), “Status, networks and social movement participation: the case of striking workers”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 108, pp. 1292-1327. doi:10.1086/375198

Flache, A. y M. Macy (1996), “The weakness of strong ties: collective action failure in a highly cohesive group”, Journal of Mathematical Sociology, vol. 21, no 1-2, pp. 3-28.

Fehr, E. y Gachter (2000), “Cooperation and punishment in public good experiment”, American Economic Review, vol. 90, no 4, pp. 980-994.

Hardin, R. (1971), “Collective action as an agreeable n-Prisoners’ Dilemmas”, Behavioural Science, vol. 16, pp. 472-481. doi:10.1002/bs.3830160507

Hardin, R. (1984), “When actors comply: monitoring costs and the production of social order”, Acta Sociologica, 27 (3), pp. 161-183. doi:10.1177/000169938402700301

Hechter, M. (1987), Principles of Group Solidarity, Londres, University of California Press.

Heckathorn, D. (1989), “Collective action and the second order free-rider problem”, Rationality and Society, vol. 1, pp. 78-100. doi:10.1177/1043463189001001006

Heckathorn, D. (1996), “The dynamics and dilemmas of collective action”, American Sociological Review, vol. 61, pp. 250-277. doi:10.2307/2096334

Homans, G. C. (1974), Social Behavior. Its Elementary Forms, Nueva York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Horne (2001), “Sociological perspectives on the emergence of social norms”, en M. Hecheter y K. D. Opp, (Eds.) Social Norms, Nueva York, Russell Sage Foundation.

Horne, C. (2004), “Collective benefits, exchange interests and norm enforcement”, Social Forces, vol. 82, pp. 1037-1062. doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0041

Horne, C. y A. Cutlip (2002), “Sanctioning costs and norm enforcement”, Rationality and Society, vol. 14, pp. 285-307. doi:10.1177/1043463102014003002

Karklin, R. y R. Petersen (1993), “Decision calculus of protest and regimes: Eastern Europe 1989”, The Journal of Politics, vol. 55, pp. 588–614. doi:10.2307/2131990

Linares Martinez, F. (2002), “Eleccion racional y normas sociales: una vuelta mas de turca”, Revista Internacional de Sociología, 32, pp. 77–99.

Linares Martinez, F. (2004), “Hawks, zealots and hypocrites but not free riders: The logics of cooperation in Llano del Beal”, Rationality and Society, 16 (4), 437-476. doi:10.1177/1043463104044683

Marwell, G. y P. Oliver (1993), The Critical Mass in Collective Action. A Micro-Social Theory, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.

Macy, M. (1993), “Backward looking social control”, American Sociological Review, vol. 68, pp. 819 –836. doi:10.2307/2095953

Oberschall, A. (1980), “Loosely structured collective conflict: A theory and an application”, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, vol. 13, pp. 45-68.

Oberschall, A. (1994), “Rational choice in collective protest”, Rationality and Society, vol. 6, no1, pp. 79-100. doi:10.1177/1043463194006001006

Oliver, P. (1980), “Rewards and punishments as selective incentives for collective action: theoretical investigations”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 85, pp. 1356-1375. doi:10.1086/227168

Oliver, P., G. Marwell y R. Teixeira (1985), “A theory of critical mass I. Group heterogeneity, interdependence and the production of collective goods”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 91, pp. 522-556. doi:10.1086/228313

Oliver, P. y G. Marwell (1988), “The paradox of group size in collective action: towards a theory of critical mass. II.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 91, pp. 522-556. doi:10.1086/228313

Olson, M. 1971 [1965], The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

Ostrom, E. (1990), Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press

Sandler, T. (1992), Collective Action: Theory and Applications, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.

Taylor, M. (1982), Community, Anarchy and Liberty, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Taylor, M. (1987), The Possibility of Cooperation, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.

Ullmann-Margalit, E. (1977), The Emergence of Norms, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Voss, T. (2001), “Game-theoretical perspectives on the emergence of social norms” en M. Hecheter y K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms, Nueva York, Russell Sage Foundation.

Ward, H. (1989), “Testing the Waters: Taking risks to gain reassurance in public good games”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 33, no 2, pp. 274-308. doi:10.1177/0022002789033002005

White, J. W. (1988), “Rational Rioters: leaders, followers and popular protest in early modern Japan”, Politics and Society, vol. 16, no 1, pp. 1-34. doi:10.1177/003232928801600102

Yamagishi, T. (1986), “The provision of a sanctioning system as a public good”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 5 (1), pp. 110-116. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.110

Yamagishi, T. (1988), “Seriousness of social dilemmas and the provision of a sanctioning system”, Social Psychology Quarterly, vol. 51, no 1, pp. 32-42. doi:10.2307/2786982

Yamagishi, T. y N. Takahashi (1994), “Evolution of norms without metanorms” en U. Schulz, W. Albers and U. Muller (Eds.), Social Dilemmas and Cooperation, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.