The local peace construction in Basque Country from the multi-stakeholder dialogue. The case of Beasain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2023.81.4.22.85Keywords:
Multi-stakeholder Dialogue, Local Peace, Complex Peace, Participatory Action-ReserachAbstract
The last decade of political and social life in the Basque Country has been marked by the end of the armed struggle by ETA, and by the development of a peace process with a strong role of social and institutional action at the local and regional level. This paper presents a Multi-stakeholder Dialogue through a process of Participatory Action Research for the development of peace and coexistence at local level in the Basque Country, specifically in the municipality of Beasain. The study is based on the approaches of Complex Peace and Local Peace, and shows a work process between social and political/institutional agents, the result of which is the collective construction of proposals in terms of reparation of victims and memory, rights of prisoners, and citizen participation for peace. Finally, some reflections on the Local Peace approach and the Multi-stakeholder Dialogue are presented.
Downloads
References
Alcover, C. M. 1999. "Aproximaciones al concepto de grupo y tipos de grupos".Pp. 77- 103 en Introducción a la Psicología de los Grupos, editado por F. Gil y C.M. Alcover. Madrid: Pirámide.
Allen, S. H. y V. J. Friedman. 2021. "An emerging conversation between action research and conflict transformation". Action Research 19(1): 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750320972485
Apalategi, J. 2006. Los vascos, de la nación al Estado. Donostia/San Sebastián: Herritar Berri.
Aranguren-Juaristi, O., D. Apaolaza-Llorente, B. Echeberria-Arquero y N. Vicent. 2020. "Testimonios de víctimas en el módulo educativo Adi-adian. Una mirada desde la didáctica de las ciencias sociales y la educación patrimonial." Investigación en La Escuela 101: 15-24. https://doi.org/10.12795/IE.2020.i101.02
Bächtold, S., J. Bastide, y L. Lundsgaard-Hansen. 2020. "Assembling drones, activists and oil palms: Implications of a multi-stakeholder land platform for state formation in Myanmar".The European journal of development research, 32: 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-020-00267-y
Bar-Tal, D. 2007. "Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflict". American Behavioral Scientist 50(11): 1430-1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207302462
Bengoetxea, J. 2020. "The unique Basque peace process: Linking Basque and European generations for global transitional justice". Oñati socio-legal series 10(3): 584-615. https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1123
Bräuchler, B. y P. Naucke. 2017. "Peacebuilding and conceptualisations of the local". Social Anthropology 25(4): 422-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12454
Brown, J. y D. Isaacs. 2006. World Café. El nuevo paradigma de comunicación organizacional y social. México D. F.: Editorial Grupo Patria Cultural.
Coleman, P. T. 2004. Polarized Collective Identities: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. New York: Columbia University.
Coleman, P. T. 2006. "Conflict, complexity, and change: A meta-framework for addressing protracted, intractable conflicts - III". Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 12(4): 325-348. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1204_3
Coleman, P. T. 2012. "Conclusion: The Essence of Peace? Toward a Comprehensive and Parsimonious Model of Sustainable Peace". Pp. 353-369 en Psychological Components of Sustainable Peace, editado por P. T. Coleman y M. Deutch. Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3555-6_18
Coleman, P. T., L. S. Liebovitch y J. Fisher. 2019. "Taking Complex Systems seriously: visualizing and modeling the Dynamics of Sustainable Peace". Global Policy 10(2): 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12680
Coleman, P. T., J. Fisher, D. P. Fry, L. S. Liebovitch, A. Chen-Carrel y G. Souillac. 2021. "How to live in peace? Mapping the science of sustaining peace: A progress report".American Psychologist 76(7): 1113-1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000745 PMid:33180535
Cronin, M. A. y K. Bezrukova. 2019. "Conflict management through the lens of system dynamics".The Academy of Management Annals 13(2): 770-806. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2017.0021
Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa. 2018. Bizikidetza Lantzen. Plan Foral de Promoción de Políticas Municipales de Paz, Convivencia y Derechos Humanos 2018/2019. Donostia/San Sebastián: Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa.
Durkin, S. A. 2013. "Advancing Peace Culture in the Basque Autonomous Community: The Basque Education Plan for Peace and Human Rights (2008-2011)". Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 13(3): 342-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12050
Elster, J. (comp.). 2001. La Democracia Deliberativa. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Escobar-Zuluaga, C. A. 2021. "Peace strategies of the Volunteer Fire Department of Riosucio (Caldas)".Revista eleuthera, 23(2): 185-206. https://doi.org/10.17151/eleu.2021.23.2.10
Etxeberria-Mauleon, X. 2018. "The presentation of victims in civic education in situations of socio-political transition from violence to peace". Quaestiones Disputatae 11(23): 189-217.
ETA. 2011. "Comunicado sobre el anuncio del cese definitivo de la actividad armada". Gara, octubre. Consulta 21 de noviembre de 2022 (http://gara.naiz.info/eta-anuncia-cese-definitivo-actividad-armada.php).
ETA. 2018. "Comunicado sobre la disolución definitiva de ETA". El Diario, 2 de mayo. Consulta 21 de noviembre de 2022 (https://www.eldiario.es/euskadi/documento-carta-eta-anuncia-disolucion_1_2142705.html).
Falabella, G. 2002. "Investigación Participativa: nacimiento y relevancia de un nuevo encuentro ciencia-sociedad". Pp. 19-32 en Experiencias y Metodologías de la Investigación Participativa editado por J. Durston y F. Miranda. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Fals-Borda, O. 1980. "La ciencia y el pueblo: nuevas reflexiones sobre la investigación-acción". Pp. 149-174 en La sociología en Colombia: balance y perspectivas, Memoria del Tercer Congreso Nacional de Sociología, editado por Asociación Colombiana de Sociología. Bogotá: Asociación Colombiana de Sociología.
Funes, M. J. 1998. "Social Responses to Political Violence in the Basque Country: Peace Movements and Their Audience". Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4): 493-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002798042004005
Fry, D. P., G. Souillac, L. S. Liebovitch, P. T. Coleman, K. Agan, D. Mason, F. P. Gomez y S. Strauss. 2021. "Societies within peace systems avoid war and build positive intergroup relationships". Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan 8(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00692-8
Gago, E. 2011. The impact of peace movements on a society immersed in conflict. Ananalysis of the framing processes of Basque peace movement. Ph.D dissertation, University of Bradford. Bradford.
Galluccio, M. (comp.). 2015.Handbook of international negotiation. Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10687-8
Gawerc, M. I. 2006. "Peace-Building: Theoretical and concrete perspectives". Peace & Change 31(4): 435-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2006.00387.x
Gómez, O. J., H. P. Molano y C. C. Sánchez. 2022. "Aportes al diseño multiactor de políticas públicas bottom-up. Análisis comparado de experiencias de innovación social para la paz desde la academia". Opera 31: 47-69. https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n31.04
Gray, S. y D. Burns. 2021. "Local agency, adaptation, and vertical integration of bottom-up peacebuilding: reflecting on systemic action research in Myanmar".Peacebuilding9(1): 15-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2020.1795341
Hahn, T., C. McDermott, C. Ituarte-Lima, M. Schultz, T. Green y M. Tuvendal. 2015. "Purposes and degrees of commodification: Economic instruments for biodiversity and ecosystem services need not rely on markets or monetary valuation".Ecosystem Services16: 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.012
Hailu, R. y D. Tolossa .2020. "Multi-stakeholder platforms: institutional options to achieve water security in the awash basin of Ethiopia".World Development Perspectives19: 100213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100213
Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Irazuzta, I, S. Rodríguez Maeso y A. M. Villalón. 2017. "Victims as Educators': Sentimental Education in a Peace-Building Context". Journal of Human Rights Practice 9(1): 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux004. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux004
Kaldor, M., M. Theros y R. Turkmani. 2022. "Local agreements - an introduction to the special issue". Peacebuilding 10(2): 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2042111
Kaye, S. y G. Harris. 2018. "Participatory Action Research for Peacebuilding". Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 30: 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1419933
Körpen, D., N. Ropers y H. J. Giessmann (eds.). 2011. The Non-linearity of Peace Processes: Theory and Practice of Systemic Conflict Transformation. Leverkusen: Barbara Budrich Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbkjz66
Lederach, J. P. 1998. Construyendo la Paz. Reconciliación sostenible en sociedades divididas. Bilbao: Bakeaz y Gernika Gogoratuz.
Lopera-Molano, D. y A. M. Lopera-Molano. 2020. "Designing communities in peace: Participatory action-research approaches embedded in regional education in Colombia".Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement13(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v13i1.7167
Mac Ginty, R. 2010. "Hybrid peace: the interaction between top-down and bottom-up peace". Security Dialogue 41(4): 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010610374312
Mac Ginty, R. y O. P. Richmond. 2013. "The Local Turn in Peace Building: a critical agenda for peace". Third World Quarterly 34(5): 763-783 https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
Maraña, M. 2021. "Promoting peace after a long social enrooted conflict: the experience of the Gipukoa Regional Council". Consulta el 28 de abril de 2022 (https://peaceprize.uclg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Local-Governments-and-a-Culture-of-Peace_the-UCLG-Peace-Prize-publication-2021.pdf).
Martín Beristain, C., G. Bilbao y J. Ibáñez de Opacua. 2015. Ondas en el Agua. Un análisis de la Experiencia Glencree. Barcelona: Institut Català Internacional per la Pau.
Martín Beristain, C. (coord.). 2017. Saliendo del Olvido. Vitoria/Gasteiz, Gobierno Vasco.
Mínguez Alcaide, X., R. Alzate y M. Sánchez de Miguel. 2015. "Una aproximación psicosocial al conflicto vasco como sistema dinámico". Universitas Psychologica 14(2): 563-578. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-2.apcv. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-2.apcv
Mínguez Alcaide, X. 2015. "El Núcleo Positivo. Iniciativas por la paz en Euskadi: movimientos y organizaciones ciudadanas." Cuadernos Ehunberri 1: 1-74.
Mínguez Alcaide, X. 2017. "Un proceso de diálogo multiactor para la paz en el País Vasco". Convergencia, Revista de Ciencias Sociales 73: 37-60 https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v0i73.4237
Murua, I. 2017. "No more bullets for ETA: the loss of internal support as a key factor in the end of the Basque group's campaign". Critical Studies on Terrorism 10(1): 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2016.1215628
Naranjo, M. E. 2018. "Contributions of Colombian housing activists to post-agreement peace: Participatory Action Research with neighborhood founders". Revista Colombiana de Sociología 41(1), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcs.v41n1.66673
Neufeldt, R. C. y R. Janzen. 2021. "Learning from and with community-based and participatory action research: Constraints and adaptations in a youth-peacebuilding initiative in Haiti".Action Research19(1): 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750320916226
Novak, A., L Bui-Wrzosinska, R. R. Vallacher y P. T. Coleman. 2012. "Sustainable Peace: A Dynamical Systems Perspective". Pp. 265-281 en Psychological Components of Sustainable Peace, editado por P.T. Coleman y M. Deutch. Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3555-6_14
Payne, S. L. y J. M. Calton. 2004. "Exploring Research Potentials and Applications for Multi-stakeholder Learning Dialogues". Journal of Business Ethics 55(1): 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-1570-1
Pascual, E. (coord..). 2013. Los ojos del otro. Encuentros restaurativos entre víctimas y ex miembros de ETA. Santander: Sal Terrae.
Pérez Serrano, M. G. 1990. Investigación-Acción. Aplicaciones al campo del estudio social y educativo. Madrid: Dykinson.
Pospisil, J. 2022. "Dissolving conflict. Local peace agreements and armed conflict transitions". Peacebuilding 10(2): 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032945
Randazzo, E. 2016. "The paradoxes of the 'everyday': scrutinising the local turn in peace building". Third World Quarterly 37(8): 1351-1370. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1120154
Ratner, B. D., C. Burnley, S. Mugisha, E. Madzudzo, I. Oeur, K. Mam, L. Rüttinger, L. Njobvu Chilufya y P. Adriázola. 2018. "Investing in multi-stakeholder dialogue to address natural resource competition and conflict". Development in Practice 28(6): 799-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1478950
Roter, P. 2015. "International-local Linkages in Multi-stakeholder Partnerships Involved in Reconciliation, Inter-communal Bridge-building and Confidence-building".Croatian International Relations Review21(72): 139-166. https://doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0005
Roter, P. y A. Bojinović 2015. "Parliamentarisation in a Post-Conflict Context: The Kosovo Assembly Support Initiative". Parliamentary Affairs 68(4): 775-793. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsu025
Santamaría, A., D. Muelas, P. Caceres, W. Kuetguaje, y J. Villegas. 2020. "Decolonial sketches and intercultural approaches to truth: Corporeal experiences and testimonies of indigenous women in Colombia".International Journal of Transitional Justice14(1): 56-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijz034
Saunders, H. H. 2009. "Dialogue as a process for transforming relationships". Pp. 376-391 en The SAGE handbook of conflict resolution, editado por J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk e I. W. Zartman. Londres: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857024701.n20
Savard, M., M. Badasu y H. Recchia. 2021. "Young mothers of Northern Uganda: A longitudinal study of individual and collective agency within a participatory program".Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 27(4): 588-596. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000489
Secretaría General de Paz y Convivencia, Gobierno Vasco. 2018. Compilación de documentos generados en el marco del Plan de Paz y Convivencia 2013-2016. Consulta el 26 de septiembre de 2022 (https://www.euskadi.eus/compilacion-documentos-plan-paz-convivencia-2013-2016/web01-s1lehbak/es/).
Secretaría General de Paz y Convivencia, Gobierno Vasco. 2016. Retratos municipales de las vulneraciones del derecho a la vida en el caso vasco. Beasain, 1960-2010. Consulta el 14 de noviembre de 2022 (https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/retratos_victimas_paz/es_def/adjuntos/gi-beasain.pdf).
Sekerka, L. E. y B. L. Fredrickson. 2010. "Working positively toward transformative cooperation". Pp. 81-94 en Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work editado por N. Garcea, S. Harrington y P. A. Linley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335446.013.0007 PMid:19275135
Schultz, M., T. Hahn, N. Hällström y C. Ituarte-Lima. 2016.The biggest single opportunity we have is dialogue. Dialogue seminars as a methodology for transformative social learning and conflict resolution in international environment negotiations. Stockholm: SwedBio at Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Schultz, M, T. Hahn, C. Ituarte-Lima y N. Hällström. 2018. "Deliberative multi-actor dialogues as opportunities for transformative social learning and conflict resolution in international environmental negotiations". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 18: 671-688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-018-9410-4
Todorow, L. 2016. "Understanding Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue. The Emerging Concept of Community of Practice". Business, Peace and Sustainable Development 7: 8-31. https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.8757.2016.ju.00003
Vallacher, R. R., P. T. Coleman, A. Nowak y L. Bui-Wrzosinska. 2010. "Rethinking intractable conflict: The perspective of dynamical systems". American Psychologist 65(4): 262-278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019290 PMid:20455620
Vallacher, R. R., P. T. Coleman, A. Nowak, L. Bui-Wrzosinska, L. S. Liebovitch, K. G. Kugler y A. Bartoli. 2013. Attracted to Conflict: Dynamic Foundations of Destructive Social Relations. Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35280-5
Wills, O., U. Hopp, N. Ropers, L. Vimalarajah y W. Zunzer. 2006. The Systemic Approach to Conflict Transformation. Concept Fields of Application. Berlín: Berghof Fundation for Peace Support.
Zabalo, J. y M. Saratxo. 2015. "ETA ceasefire: Armed struggle vs. political practice in Basque nationalism". Ethnicities 15(3): 362-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796814566477
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
