Changes in couples' time use. Are we moving toward greater equality?

Authors

  • Marc Ajenjo Cosp Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
  • Joan García Román Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2012.05.28

Keywords:

Dual-Earner Couples, Gender Roles, Spain, Time Allocation

Abstract


The article analyzes the evolution of gender inequality in Spain using data from the time use surveys carried out by the Spanish Statistical Office in 2002-2003 and 2009-2010. Firstly, changes in time use and characteristics of the couples are analyzed in a descriptive way. In this part, a decrease in the gap as well as an increase within couples with more egalitarian characteristics, especially female employment and higher educational attainment, is shown. Secondly, is tested the evolution towards a more equality pattern or if changes are only due to an increase of more egalitarian couples. Results predict a decrease in the gender inequality in two senses: the raise of more egalitarian couples and a higher equality within couples.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aguiar, M., E. Hurst y L. Karabarbounis. 2011. "Time use during recession". NBER Working Paper 17259, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.

Ajenjo, M. y J. García-Román. 2011. "El tiempo productivo, reproductivo y de ocio en las parejas de doble ingreso". Papers. Revista de Sociología 96:985-1006.

Balcells, L. 2009. "Analyzing the division of household labor within Spanish families". Revista Internacional de Sociología 67:83-105.

Batalova, J. A. y P. N. Cohen. 2002. "Pre-marital cohabitation and housework: couples in cross national perspective". Journal of Marriage and Family 64:743-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00743.x

Baxter, J. 2005. "To marry or not to marry: marital status and the household division of household". Journal of Marriage Issues 26:300-321.Becker, G. 1985. "Human capital, effort, and sexual division of labor". Journal of Labor Economic 3:33-58.

Becker, P. E. y P. Moen. 1999. "Scaling back: dual-earner couples' work family strategies". Journal of Marriage and the Family 61:995-1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/354019

Berk, S. F. 1985. The gender factory: The apportionment of work in American households. Nueva York: Plenum. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2393-8

Bernardi, F. 1999. "Does the husband matter? Married women and employment in Italy". European Sociological Review 15:285-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018264

Bernhardt, E., T. Noack y T. H. Lyngstad. 2008. "Shared Housework in Norway and Sweden: advancing the gender revolution". Journal of European Social Policy 18:275-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928708091060

Bianchi, S. M., J. P. Robinson y M. Milkie. 2006: Changing rhythms of American family life. Nueva York: Russell Sage.

Bittman, M. y J. Wajcman. 2000. "The Rush Hour: The Character of Leisure Time and Gender Equity". Social Forces 79:165-189.

Blau, F. 1998. "Trends in the well-being of American Women". Journal of Economic Literature 36:112-165.

Coltrane, S. 2000. "Research on Household Labor: Modeling and Measuring the Social Embeddedness of Routine Family Work". Journal of Marriage and Family 62:1208-1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x

Dema, S. 2005. "Entre la tradición y la modernidad: las parejas espa-olas de doble ingreso". Papers 77:135-155.

Domínguez, M. y T. Castro. 2008. "Women's changing socioeconomic position and union formation in Spain and Portugal". Demographic Research 19:1513-1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.41

Domínguez, M. 2010. "¿Cada vez más igualitarios? Los valores de género de la juventud y su aplicación práctica". Revista de estudios de juventud 90:103-122.

Domínguez, M. 2012. "La división del trabajo doméstico en las parejas espa-olas. Un análisis de uso del tiempo". Revista Internacional de Sociología 70:153-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ris.2009.08.26

Dribe, M. y M. Stanfors. 2009. "Does Parenthood Strengthen a Traditional Household Division of Labor? Evidence from Sweden". Journal of Marriage and the Family 71:33-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00578.x

Durán, M. Á. y J. Rogero-García. 2009. La investigación sobre el uso del tiempo. Madrid: CIS.

Ferree, M. M. 1991. "The Gender Division of Labor in Two-Earner Marriages: Dimensions of Variability and Change". Journal of Family Issues 12:158-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251391012002002

Gershuny, J., M. Godwin y S. Jones. 1994. "The domestic labour revolution: a process of lagged adaptation". Pp 151-197 en The social and Political Economy of the household, editado por M. Anderson et al. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gershuny, J. 2000. Changing times: work and leisure in post-industrial society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gershuny, J., M. Bittman y J. Brice. 2005. "Exit, Voice, and Suffering: Do Couples Adapt to Changing Employment Patterns?". Journal of Marriage and Family 67:656-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00160.x

Gjerdingen, D. K. y B. A. Center. 2005. "First-Time Parents and Postpartum Changes in Employment, Childcare and Housework Responsabilities". Social Science Research 34:103-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2003.11.005

González, M. J. y T. Jurado. 2009. "¿Cuándo se implican los hombres en las tareas domésticas? Un análisis de la Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo". Panorama Social 10:65-81.

Gutiérrez-Domènech, M. 2010. "Parental Employment and Time with Children in Spain". Review of Economics of the Household 8:371-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-010-9096-z

Hochschild, A. R. 1989. The second shift: working parents and the revolution at home. New York: VikingPress.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). 2004. Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo 2002-2003. Tomo I. Metodología y Resultados Nacionales. Consultado 05/10/2011 (http://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/empleo/empleotiempo03_metynac.pdf).

Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). 2011. Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo 2009-2010. Metodología. Consultado 05/10/2011 (http://www.ine.es/metodologia/t25/t25304471.pdf).

MacInnes, J. 2005. "Diez mitos sobre la conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar". Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales 23:35-71.

Meil, G. 2005. "El reparto desigual del trabajo doméstico y sus efectos sobre la estabilidad de los proyectos conyugales". Revista Espa-ola de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 111:163-180.

Robinson, J. y G. Godbey. 1997. Time for Life-The Surprising Ways People Use Their Time. Penn States Press.

Sayer, L. 2005. "Gender, time and inequality: Trends in women's and men's paid work, unpaid work and free time". Social Forces 84:285-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0126

Sevilla-Sanz, A., J. I. Giménez-Nadal y C. Fernández. 2010. "Gender roles and the division of unpaid work in Spanish Households". Feminist Economics 14:137-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.531197

South, S. J. y G. Spitze. 1994. "Housework in Marital and Nonmarital Households". American Sociological Review 59:327-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095937

West, C. y Zimmermann, D. H. 1987. "Doing Gender". Gender&Society 1:125-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002

Windebank, J. 2001. "Dual-earner couples in Britain and France: Gender divisions of domestic labour and arenting work in different welfare states". Work Employment Society 15:269-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500170122118959

Downloads

Published

2014-08-30

How to Cite

Ajenjo Cosp, M., & García Román, J. (2014). Changes in couples’ time use. Are we moving toward greater equality?. Revista Internacional De Sociología, 72(2), 453–476. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2012.05.28

Issue

Section

Articles