“No es una crisis, es que ya no te quiero". Humor y protesta en el movimiento 15M

Autores/as

  • Eduardo Romanos Universidad Complutense de Madrid

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2016.74.3.039

Palabras clave:

Acción Social, Estrategia, Movimientos Sociales

Resumen


Este artículo explora la relación entre humor y protesta a través del estudio de la utilización estratégica del humor en el movimiento 15M en Madrid en 2011. El análisis de diversas plataformas (carteles, performances, documentos internos y comunicación en internet) sirve para evaluar el potencial subversivo del humor en relación con la comunicación de reivindicaciones, la organización interna del movimiento, el reclutamiento de activistas y la construcción de identidad colectiva. A nivel teórico, el artículo subraya las ventajas de combinar un enfoque expresivo con otro que entienda el humor como una acción instrumental de los participantes. Los resultados muestran cómo los activistas fueron en buena medida conscientes de una serie de beneficios asociados a la utilización del humor que iban más allá de la propia acción de divertirse y, en consecuencia, organizaron diversas iniciativas con el objetivo de alcanzar esos beneficios.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Apter, M. J. 1991. "A Structural-Phenomenology of Play". Pp. 13-29 en Adult Play: A Reversal Theory Approach, editado por J. H. Kerr y M. J. Apter. Amsterdam; Berwyn, PA: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Barker, C. 2001. "Fear, Laughter, and Collective Power: The Making of Solidarity at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdnask, Poland, August 1980". Pp. 175-194 en Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, editado por J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper y F. Polleta. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226304007.003.0011

Billig, M. 2005. Laughter and Ridicule: Towards a Social Critique of Laughter. Londres: SAGE. PMCid:PMC2396390

Boyd, A. 2002. "Irony, Meme Warfare and the Extreme Costume Ball". Pp. 245-243 en From ACT UP to the WTO, editado por B. Shepard y R. Hayduk. Nueva York: Verso.

Brandes, S. H. 1977. "Peaceful Protest: Spanish Political Humor in a Time of Crisis". Western Folklore 36:331- 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1499197

Bruner, M. L. 2005. "Carnivalesque Protest and the Humorless State". Text and Performance Quarterly 25:136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10462930500122773

Davies, C. 2007. "Humour and Protest: Jokes under Communism". International Review of Social History 52:291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020859007003252

della Porta, D. y M. Diani. 2011. Los Movimientos Sociales. Madrid: CIS-UCM.

Doerr, N. y A. Mattoni. 2014. "Alternative Media and Transnational Public Spaces". Pp. 386-405 en The Revolution Will Not Be Televised? Media and Protest Movements, editado por K. Fahlenbrach, E. Sivertsen and R. Werenskjold. Nueva York: Berghahn.

Firat, B. Ö. and A. Kuryel. 2011. "Introduction". Pp. 9-20 en Cultural Activism: Practices, Dilemmas and Possibilities, edited by B. Ö. Firat and A. Kuryel. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Fishman, R. M. 2004. Democracy's Voices: Social Ties and the Quality of Public Life in Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Fishman, R. M. 2009. "On the Costs of Conceptualizing Social Ties as Social Capital". Pp. 67-83 en Social Capital: Reaching Out, Reaching In, editado por V. O. Bartkus y J. Davis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781848445963.00012

Fishman, R. M. 2014. "Networks and Narratives in the Making of Civic Practice". En Varieties of Civic Innovation, editado por C. Sirianni y J. Girouard. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Flesher Fominaya, C. 2007. "The Role of Humour in the Process of Collective Identity Formation in Autonomous Social Movement Groups in Contemporary Madrid". International Review of Social History 52:243-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020859007003227

Flesher Fominaya, C. 2014. Social Movements and Globalization. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.

García de Blas, E. 2012. "Espa-a tiene una salida (Barajas)". El País, 27 Julio.

Ghonim, W. 2012. Revolution 2.0 The Power of the People Is Greater than the People in Power. Londres: Harper Collins. PMid:23229555 PMCid:PMC3561564

Goodwin, J., J. M. Jasper y F. Polleta. 2004. "Emotional Dimensions of Social Movements". Pp. 413-432 en The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, editado por D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule y H. Kriesi. Malden, MA: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch18

Goodwin, J., J. M. Jasper y F. Polleta. 2001. Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226304007.001.0001

Graham, E. E., M. J. Papa and G. P. Brooks. 1992. "Functions of Humor in Conversation: Conceptualization and Measurement". Western Journal of Communication 56:161-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570319209374409

Gruner, C. R. 1970. "The effect of humor in dull and interesting informative speeches". Central States Speech Journal 21:160-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510977009363017

Gruner, C. R. 1997. The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher. PMCid:PMC21023

Gusfield, J. R. 1963. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Hart, M. 2007. "Humour and Social Protest: An Introduction". International Review of Social History 52:1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020859007003094

Holmes, J. and M. Marra. 2002. "Over the edge? Subversive humor between colleagues and friends". Humor 15:65- 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humr.2002.006

Holton, A. E. and S. C. Lewis. 2011. "Journalists, Social Media, and the Use of Humor on Twitter". The Electronic Journal of Communication 21.

Jenkins, J. C. 1983. "Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements". Annual Review of Sociology 9:527-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.002523

Juris, J. S. 2008. Networking futures : the movements against corporate globalization. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822389170

Kane, T. R., J. Suls and J. T. Tdeschi. 1977. "Humour as a Tool os Social Interaction". Pp. 13-16 en It's a Funny Thing, Humour, editado por A. J. Chapman y H. C. Foot. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Kenney, P. 2003. A Carnival of Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Klandermans, B. 2004. "The Demand and Supply of Participation: Social-Psychological Correlates of Participation in Social Movements". Pp. 360-379 en The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, editado por D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule y H. Kriesi.

Klein, N. 2002. No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs. Nueva York: Picador.

Koestler, A. 1964. The Act of Creation. Londres: Hutchinson.

Kuipers, G. 2006. Good Humor, Bad Taste: A Sociology of the Joke. Berlin; Nueva York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Kutz-Flamembaum, R. V. 2007. "Code Pink, Raging Grannies, and the Missile Dick Chicks: Feminist Performance Activism in the Contemporary Anti-War Movement". NWSA Journal 19:89-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/NWS.2007.19.1.89

Kutz-Flamembaum, R. V. 2014. "Humor and Social Movements". Sociology Compass 8:294-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12138

Lefcourt, H. M. 2001. Humor: The Psychology of Living Bouyantly. Nueva York: Kluwer Academic. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4287-2

Lefcourt, H. M. and R. A. Martin. 1986. Humor and Life Stress: Antidote to Adversity. Nueva York: Springer-Verlag. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4900-9

Lewis, B. 2008. Hammer & Tickle: The History of Communism Told Through Communist Jokes. Londres: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Malone, P. B. 1980. "Humor: A Double-edge Tool for Today's Managers". Academy of Management Review 5:357- 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1980.4288842

Markiewicz, D. 1974. "Effects of Humor on Persuasion". Sociometry 37:407-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786391

Martin, R. A. 2007. The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.

Mattoni, A. 2012. Media Practices and Protest Politics: How Precarious Workers Mobilise. Aldershot: Ashgate. PMCid:PMC3461819

McKay, G. 1996. Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties. Londres: Verso.

Meikle, G. 2002. Future active: media activism and the internet. Nueva York: Routledge. PMCid:PMC125807

Mersal, I. 2011. "Revolutionary Humor". Globalizations 8:669- 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.629030

Merziger, P. 2007. "Humour in Nazi Germany: Resistance and Propaganda? The Popular Desire for an All-Embracing Laughter". International Review of Social History 52:275- 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020859007003240

Meyer, J. C. 2000. "Humor as a double-edged sword: Four functions of humor in communication". Communication Theory 10:310-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00194.x

Minchinela, R. 2011. "Lemas y consignas del movimiento 15M". Consultado 12 de febrero de 2012 (https://vimeo.com/27147951).

Morreall, J. 1983. Taking Laughter Seriously. Albany: SUNY Press.

Mu-oz, A. 2011. "Del síndrome Wikileaks a la democracia 2.0. Las redes sociales y el 15-M". Pp. 34-43 en Las voces del 15-M, editado por J. M. Antentas, A. Fernández- Savater, A. Mu-oz, A. Requena y E. Vivas. Barcelona: Los libros del lince.

Murgatroyd, S. 1991. "The Nature and Social Functions of Humor". Pp. 119-129 en Adult Play: A Reversal Theory Approach, editado por J. H. Kerr y M. J. Apter. Amsterdam; Berwyn, PA: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Obadare, E. 2009. "The Uses of Ridicule: Humour, 'Infrapolitics' and Civil Society in Nigeria". African Affairs 108:241- 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn086

Otto, B. K. 2001. Fools are Everywhere: The Court Jester around de World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Oushakine, S. A. 2012. "Red Laughter": On Refined Weapons of Soviet Jesters". Social Research 79:189-216.

Pi-Sunyer, O. 1977. "Political Humor in a Dictatorial State: The Case of Spain". Ethnohistory 24:179-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/481742

Reay, M. 2007. "Humor". En Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, editado por G. Ritzer. Malden: Blackwell.

Romanienko, L. A. 2007. "Antagonism, Absurdity, and the Avant-Garde: Dismantling Soviet Oppression through the Use of Theatrical Devices by Poland's 'Orange' Solidarity Movement". International Review of Social History 52:133-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020859007003161

Romanos, E. 2011. "El 15M y la democracia de los movimientos sociales", Books and Ideas (18/11/2011), Dossier "Débats autour du 15M" (http://www.booksandideas. net/El-15M-y-la-democracia-de-los.html).

Romanos, E. 2013. "Collective Learning Processes within Social Movements: Some Insights into the Spanish 15-M/Indignados Movement". Pp. 203-219 en Understanding European Movements, editado por C. Flesher Fominaya y L. Cox. Londres: Routledge.

Roy, C. 2007. "When Wisdom Speaks Sparks Fly: Raging Grannies Perform Humor as Protest". Women's Studies Quarterly 35:150-164.

Ruch, W. 1993. "Exhilaration and Humor". Pp. 605-616 en Handbook of Emotions, editado por M. Lewis y J. M. Haviland. Nueva York: Guilford.

Rucht, D. 1988. Themes, Logics and Arenas of Social Movements: A Structural Approach. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Sandiumenge, L. 2013. "El humor en tiempos de cólera". Público, 13 Mayo. Consultado 20 de mayo de 2013 (http://www.publico.es/455299/el-humor-en-tiempos-de-colera).

Sandlin, J. A. 2008. "'Mixing pop (Culture) and politics'": Cultural resistance, culture jamming, and anti-consumption activism as critical public pedagogy. Curriculum Inquiry 38:323-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-873X.2008.00411.x

Shepard, B. H. 2011. Play, Creativity, and Social Movements: If I Can't Dance, It's Not My Revolution. Nueva York: Routledge.

Simón, P. 2012. "Creatividad y humor para tomarse el activismo en serio". Periodismo Humano, 8 Marzo. Consultado 4 de mayo de 2012 (http://periodismohumano.com/culturas/creatividad-y-humor-para-tomarse-el-activismo-en-serio.html).

Sorensen, M. J. 2008. "Humor as a Serious Strategy of Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression". Peace & Change 33:167-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2008.00488.x

Stewart, C. O. and R. J. Kreuz. 2003. "On the Communicative Functions of Exaggeration: How to be a Million Times Clearer". Communication Research Reports 20:331- 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824090309388832

Tarrow, S. 2012. Strangers at the Gates: Movements and States in Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920967

Tarrow, S. 2013. The Language of Contention: Revolutions in Words, 1688-2012. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139567190

Teune, S. 2007. "Humour as a Guerrilla Tactic: The West German Student Movement's Mockery of the Establishment". International Review of Social History 52:115-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002085900700315X

Tilly, C. 1986. The Contentious French. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674433984 PMCid:PMC213616

Thompson, E. P. 1991. Customs in Common. Londres: The Merlin Press, Ltd.

Tucker, K. H. 2010. Workers of the World, Enjoy! : Aesthetic Politics from Revolutionary Syndicalism to the Global Justice Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press

Van Laer, J. and P. Van Aelst. 2010. "Internet and Social Movement Action Repertoires: Opportunities and limitations". Information Communication & Society 13:1146- 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691181003628307

Veale, T. 2004. "Incongruity in humor: Root cause or epiphenomenon?" Humor 17: 419-428. http://dx.doi. org/10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.419 http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.419

Walgrave, S., J. Van Laer, J. Verhulst and R. N. D. Wouters. "Why People Protest. Comparing Demonstrators' Motivations Across Issues and Nations". Consultado 1 de agosto de 2012 (http://www.m2p.be/publications/1280218856.pdf).

Wall, D. 1999. Earth First and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism and Comparative Social Movements. Londres: Routledge.

Wanzer, M., M. Booth-Butterfield and S. Booth-Butterfield. 1996. "Are Funny People More Popular: The Relationship of Humor Orientation, Loneliness, and Social Attraction". Communication Quarterly 44:42-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463379609369999

Weber, M. 1964. Economía y sociedad. México: FCE. PMCid:PMC2106452

Weisfeld, G. E. 1993. "The Adaptative Value of Humor and Laughter". Ethology and Sociobiology 14:141-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(93)90012-7

Wettergren, A. 2009. "Fun and Laughter: Culture Jamming and the Emotional Regime of Late Capitalism". Social Movement Studies 8:1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14742830802591119

Wilkins, J. and A. J. Eisenbraun. 2009. "Humor Theories and the Physiological Benefits of Laughter". Holistic Nursing Practice 23:349-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0b013e3181bf37ad PMid:19901609

Woodside, S. 2011. Every Joke is a Tiny Revolution: Culture Jamming and the Role of Humour. University of Amsterdam.

Zijderveld, A. 1983. "Humour and Laughter in the Social Fabric". Current Sociology 31:37-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001139283031003006

Zillmann, D. 1983. "Disparagement Humor". Pp. 85-107 en Handbook of Humor Research (vol. 1), editado por P. E. McGhee y J. H. Goldstein. Nueva York: Springer-Verlag. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5572-7_5

Publicado

2016-09-30

Cómo citar

Romanos, E. (2016). “No es una crisis, es que ya no te quiero". Humor y protesta en el movimiento 15M. Revista Internacional De Sociología, 74(3), e039. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2016.74.3.039

Número

Sección

Artículos